HW5: 与游戏世界交互

作业简介：
1.自定义组件：涉及SciptableObject
2.编程实践（Hit UFO）：涉及工厂模式

一、自定义组件#

用自定义组件定义几种飞碟，做成预制

这里借用资源商店的Sets - Gems里的prefab（都是宝石呀）作为飞碟原型。

先利用 ScriptableObject 设定飞碟的属性

1
[System.Serializable]
2
public class Attributes{
3
    [Tooltip("大小")]
4
    public int size;
5
    [Tooltip("速度")]
6
    public int speed;
7
    [Tooltip("得分")]
8
    public int score;
9
}
10

11
[CreateAssetMenu(fileName = "DiskItem", menuName = "(ScritableObject)DiskItem")]
12
public class DiskItem : ScriptableObject
13
{
14
    public string Name;
15
    public string Desc;
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    [Tooltip("飞碟属性")]
17
    public Attributes attributes;
18
}

分数与对应的属性如下表所示:

分数	大小	速度
1	2	15
2	1	17
5	1	20
9	1	35

形状颜色与之匹配的分数规则如下图所示：

再利用Monobehavior脚本为各飞碟附上相应属性

1
public class Test : MonoBehaviour
2
{
3
    public DiskItem diskItem;
4
}

这样，我们自定义的预制件就做好了。

:space_invader:

二、编程实践#

项目地址：https://github.com/Cauchyoooo/3DGameDesign/tree/main/hw5/Assets

编写一个简单的鼠标打飞碟游戏
- 游戏有多个round，每个round包括数次trial；
- 每个trial的飞碟属性（色彩、大小、发射位置、速度、角度）及同时出现的个数都可能不同；
- 每个trial的飞碟有随机性，总体难度随round上升；
- 鼠标点中得分，得分规则按飞碟属性不同计算，规则可自定义。
要求：
- 使用带缓存的工厂模式管理不同飞碟的生产与回收，该工厂必须是场景单实例的！具体实现可参考资源Singleton模板类；
- 尽可能使用前面MVC结构实现人机交互与游戏模型分离。

简单工厂#

简单工厂又称为工厂方法，即类一个方法能够得到一个对象实例，使用者不需要知道该实例如何构建、初始化等细节。

游戏对象的创建与销毁高成本，必须减少销毁次数。
屏蔽创建与销毁的业务逻辑，是程序易于扩展。

在Unity中，工厂方法+单实例+对象池 通常都是同时一起用。这里给出一个设计例子：

其中：

DiskFactory 类是一个单实例类，用钱买场景单实例创建
DiskFactory 类有工厂方法 GetDisk 产生飞碟，有回收方法 FreeDisk
DiskFactory 使用模板模式根据预制和规则制作飞碟
对象模板包括飞碟对象与飞碟数据

实现效果#

代码框架#

其中标注了固定模板的类是基本与前几次作业使用的代码一致，除了Singleton是本次作业新增的。

Singleton代码如下：

1
public class Singleton<T> : MonoBehaviour where T : MonoBehaviour
2
{
3
    protected static T instance;
4

5
    public static T Instance{
6
        get{
7
            if(instance == null){
8
                instance = (T)FindObjectOfType(typeof(T));
9
                if(instance == null){
10
                    Debug.LogError(
11
                        "An instance of "+
12
                        typeof(T)+
13
                        " is needed in the scene, but there is none."
14
                    );
15
                }
16
            }
17
            return instance;
18
        }
19
    }
20
}

主要代码#

CCFlyAction

用于飞行动作。通过改变游戏对象position的z轴来实现其移动，也加入了游戏对象自己旋转。当z轴坐标不大于-20时，理解为飞出屏幕，销毁处理。

1
public class CCFlyAction : SSAction
2
{
3
    public float speed;
4
    public static CCFlyAction GetCCFlyAction(float s){
5
        CCFlyAction action = ScriptableObject.CreateInstance<CCFlyAction>();
6
        action.speed = s;
7
        return action;
8
    }
9

10
    public override void Start(){}
11

12
    public override void Update()
13
    {
14
        //飞碟已经被"销毁"
15
        if (this.transform.gameObject.activeSelf == false) {
16
            Debug.Log("Hit Destroy");
17
            this.destroy = true;
18
            this.callback.SSActionEvent(this);
19
            return;
20
        }
21
        if(this.transform.position.z <= -20){
22
            Debug.Log("Out Destroy");
23
            this.destroy = true;
24
            this.callback.SSActionEvent(this);
25
            return;
26
        }
27

28
        transform.position -= new Vector3(0, 0, speed * Time.deltaTime);
29
        transform.Rotate(new Vector3(0, 10 * Time.deltaTime, 30 * Time.deltaTime));
30
    }
31
}

CCActionManager

用于管理飞行动作。注：其中这里的Update()不需要实现，则不要new，否则不能进入基类已编写好的Update()函数。

1
public class CCActionManager : SSActionManager, ISSActionCallback
2
{
3
    public RoundController sceneController;
4
    public CCFlyAction action;
5
    public DiskFactory factory;
6

7
    protected new void Start()
8
    {
9
        sceneController = (RoundController)Director.getInstance().currentSceneController;
10
        sceneController.actionManager = this;
11
        factory = Singleton<DiskFactory>.Instance;
12
    }
13

14
    // protected new void Update(){}
15

16
    public void SSActionEvent(
17
        SSAction source,
18
        SSActionEventType events = SSActionEventType.Completed,
19
        int intParam = 0,
20
        string strParam = null,
21
        Object objectParam = null) {
22
            factory.freeDisk(source.transform.gameObject);
23
    }
24

25
    public void MoveDisk(GameObject disk) {
26
        action = CCFlyAction.GetCCFlyAction((float)disk.GetComponent<Test>().diskItem.attributes.speed);
27
        RunAction(disk, action, this);
28
    }
29
}

IUserAction & ISceneController

用户动作及场景动作的接口。两者共用一个getHit()来检测用户点击场景的游戏对象。

1
public interface IUserAction
2
{
3
    void gameOver();
4
    void getHit();
5
    void Restart();
6
}
7

8
public interface ISceneController
9
{
10
    void LoadResource();
11
    void getHit();
12
}

DiskFactory

飞碟工厂。used用于存储创造出来的飞碟，free用于要销毁的飞碟。由于飞碟对象使用我们前面制作的预制件，所以只需要使用及对不同round做一些处理即可。

对于第一轮，只会出现1分与2分的飞碟；第二轮只会出现1分、2分与5分的飞碟；第三轮往后会出现所有种类的飞碟。要注意飞碟加分与扣分的区别。飞碟的出生位置，随轮数增加而中心向外扩。

1
public class MyException : System.Exception
2
{
3
    public MyException(){}
4
    public MyException(string message) : base(message){}
5
}
6

7
public class DiskFactory : MonoBehaviour
8
{
9
    List<GameObject> used;
10
    List<GameObject> free;
11
    System.Random rand;
12

13
    void Start()
14
    {
15
        used = new List<GameObject>();
16
        free = new List<GameObject>();
17
        rand = new System.Random();
18
    }
19

20
    void Update(){}
21

22
    public string getDiskName(int seed){
23
        if(seed == 1)
24
            return "Prefabs/Bomb1a";
25
        if(seed == 2)
26
            return "Prefabs/Bomb1b";
27
        if(seed == 3)
28
            return "Prefabs/Bomb1c";
29
        if(seed == 4)
30
            return "Prefabs/Disk1a";
31
        if(seed == 5)
32
            return "Prefabs/Disk1b";
33
        if(seed == 6)
34
            return "Prefabs/Disk1c";
35
        if(seed == 7)
36
            return "Prefabs/Disk2a";
37
        if(seed == 8)
38
            return "Prefabs/Disk2b";
39
        if(seed == 9)
40
            return "Prefabs/Bomb5a";
41
        if(seed == 10)
42
            return "Prefabs/Disk5a";
43
        if(seed == 11)
44
            return "Prefabs/Bomb5b";
45
        if(seed == 12)
46
            return "Prefabs/Disk5b";
47
        if(seed == 13)
48
            return "Prefabs/Bomb9";
49
        if(seed == 14)
50
            return "Prefabs/Disk9";
51
        return "Error";
52
    }
53

54
    public GameObject createDisk(int round){
55
        GameObject disk;
56
        int right=7;
57
        if(round == 1)
58
            right = 7;
59
        else if(round == 2)
60
            right = 10;
61
        else
62
            right = 14;
63

64
        if(free.Count != 0){
65
            disk = free[0];
66
            free.Remove(disk);
67
        }
68
        else{
69
            string getName = getDiskName(rand.Next(1,right+1));
70
            disk = GameObject.Instantiate(Resources.Load(getName, typeof(GameObject))) as GameObject;
71
        }
72
        int roundX = round*10;
73
        int roundY = round*6;
74
        int roundZ = 100+round*20;
75
        disk.transform.position = new Vector3(rand.Next(-roundX,roundX+1), rand.Next(-roundY,roundY+1), rand.Next(80,roundZ));
76

77
        int scale = disk.GetComponent<Test>().diskItem.attributes.size;
78
        disk.transform.localScale = new Vector3(scale, scale, scale);
79

80
        used.Add(disk);
81
        disk.SetActive(true);
82
        Debug.Log("Generate disk success");
83
        return disk;
84
    }
85

86
    public void freeDisk(GameObject disk){
87
        disk.SetActive(false);
88
        if (!used.Contains(disk)) {
89
            throw new MyException("Try to remove a item from a list which doesn't contain it.");
90
        }
91
        Debug.Log("Free disk success");
92
        used.Remove(disk);
93
        free.Add(disk);
94
    }
95
}

RoundController

局数控制器。相当于之前的FirstController。实现了用户行为与场景行为的接口。实现了每局产生飞碟的函数。每个round会有4次发射，每次发射6个飞碟，发射间隔会根据round增加而减小。利用射线碰撞检测鼠标点击飞碟。注：预制件中的飞碟必须要加入collider碰撞器。否则无法检测射线碰撞。

1
public class RoundController : MonoBehaviour, ISceneController, IUserAction
2
{
3
    int round = 1;
4
    int currDisk = 0;
5
    int max_round = 5;
6
    float timer = 1.0f;
7
    GameObject disk;
8
    DiskFactory factory;
9
    public CCActionManager actionManager;
10
    public ScoreController scoreController;
11
    public myUserGUI userGUI;
12

13
    void Start()
14
    {
15
        Director director = Director.getInstance();
16
        director.currentSceneController = this;
17
        director.currentSceneController.LoadResource();
18
        gameObject.AddComponent<DiskFactory>();
19
        factory = Singleton<DiskFactory>.Instance;
20
        actionManager = gameObject.AddComponent<CCActionManager>() as CCActionManager;
21
        scoreController = gameObject.AddComponent<ScoreController>() as ScoreController;
22
        userGUI = gameObject.AddComponent<myUserGUI>() as myUserGUI;
23

24
    }
25
    // No need to loadresource
26
    public void LoadResource(){}
27

28
    void Update()
29
    {
30
        if(userGUI.mode == 0)
31
            return;
32
        getHit();
33
        gameOver();
34
        if(round>max_round)
35
            return;
36
        timer -= Time.deltaTime;
37
        if(timer<=0 ){
38
            for(int i=0; i<6;i++){
39
                disk = factory.createDisk(round);
40
                actionManager.MoveDisk(disk);
41
            }
42
            currDisk+=6;
43
            if(round<=max_round)
44
                userGUI.round = round;
45
            timer = (float)(4-round*0.5);
46
            if(currDisk%24 == 0){
47
                round++;
48
                timer = 10.0F;
49
            }
50
        }
51
    }
52

53
    public void gameOver()
54
    {
55
        if (round > max_round && actionManager.RemainActionCount() == 0)
56
            userGUI.gameMessage = "Game Over!";
57
    }
58

59
    public void getHit()
60
    {
61
        // 按钮设置 名为“Fire1”监听鼠标点击
62
        if (Input.GetButtonDown("Fire1")) {
63
            Debug.Log("Fire pressed");
64
      Camera ca = Camera.main;
65
      Ray ray = ca.ScreenPointToRay(Input.mousePosition);
66

67
      RaycastHit hit;
68
      if (Physics.Raycast(ray, out hit)) {
69
                Debug.Log(hit.transform.gameObject.name);
70
                scoreController.Record(hit.transform.gameObject);
71
                hit.transform.gameObject.SetActive(false);
72
      }
73
        }
74
    }
75

76
    public void Restart(){
77
        round = 1;
78
        currDisk = 0;
79
        timer = 1.0F;
80
        scoreController.Reset();
81
        userGUI.Reset();
82
    }
83

84
}

ScoreController

分数控制器。用于简单的计分功能。由于预制件中扣分的飞碟的score属性已经为负，此处的Record函数的score直接加就可以了。

1
public class ScoreController : MonoBehaviour
2
{
3
    public int score;
4
    public RoundController roundController;
5
    public myUserGUI userGUI;
6
    void Start()
7
    {
8
        roundController = (RoundController)Director.getInstance().currentSceneController;
9
        roundController.scoreController = this;
10
        userGUI = this.gameObject.GetComponent<myUserGUI>();
11
    }
12

13
    public void Record(GameObject disk){
14
        score += disk.GetComponent<Test>().diskItem.attributes.score;
15
        userGUI.score = score;
16
    }
17

18
    public void Reset(){
19
        score = 0;
20
    }
21
}

myUserGUI

用户界面。分为主界面mainMenu和游玩界面gameStart。

1
public class myUserGUI : MonoBehaviour
2
{
3
    public int mode;
4
    public int score;
5
    public int round;
6
    public string gameMessage;
7
    private IUserAction action;
8
    public GUIStyle titleStyle, textStyle;
9
    private int menu_w = Screen.width/5, menu_h = Screen.height/5;
10

11
    void Start()
12
    {
13
        mode = 0;
14
        gameMessage = "";
15
        action = Director.getInstance().currentSceneController as IUserAction;
16

17
        titleStyle = new GUIStyle();
18
        titleStyle.normal.textColor = Color.white;
19
        titleStyle.normal.background = null;
20
        titleStyle.fontSize = 50;
21
        titleStyle.alignment = TextAnchor.MiddleCenter;
22

23
        textStyle = new GUIStyle();
24
        textStyle.normal.textColor = Color.white;
25
        textStyle.normal.background = null;
26
        textStyle.fontSize = 20;
27
        textStyle.alignment = TextAnchor.MiddleCenter;
28

29
    }
30

31
    void Update(){}
32

33
    void OnGUI()
34
    {
35
        GUI.skin.button.fontSize = 35;
36
        switch(mode){
37
            case 0:
38
                mainMenu();
39
                break;
40
            case 1:
41
                gameStart();
42
                break;
43
        }
44
    }
45

46
    void mainMenu()
47
    {
48
        GUI.Label(new Rect(Screen.width / 2 - menu_w * 0.5f, Screen.height * 0.1f, menu_w, menu_h), "Hit UFO", titleStyle);
49
        bool button = GUI.Button(new Rect(Screen.width / 2 - menu_w * 0.5f, Screen.height * 3 / 7, menu_w, menu_h), "Start");
50
        if (button) {
51
            mode = 1;
52
        }
53
    }
54

55
    void gameStart()
56
    {
57
        GUI.Label(new Rect(Screen.width/2-100, Screen.height/2-60, 200, 50), gameMessage, titleStyle);
58
        GUI.Label(new Rect(0, 0, 100, 50), "Score: " + score, textStyle);
59
        GUI.Label(new Rect(Screen.width-100, 0, 100, 50), "Round: " + round, textStyle);
60
        if (gameMessage == "Game Over!") {
61
      if (GUI.Button(new Rect(Screen.width/2-100, Screen.height/2, 200, 50), "Restart")) {
62
        action.Restart ();
63
      }
64
    }
65
    }
66

67
    public void Reset()
68
    {
69
        score = 0;
70
        round = 1;
71
        mode = 0;
72
        gameMessage = "";
73
    }
74

75
}

音乐

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