HW6: 物理系统与碰撞

作业简介：

打靶游戏（涉及刚体物理学、碰撞）

打靶游戏#

靶对象为5环，按环记分；
箭对象，射中后要插在靶上；射中后，箭对象产生颤抖效果，到下一次射击或1秒以后；
游戏仅一轮，无限trials；添加一个风向和强度标志，提高难度。

项目地址：

https://github.com/Cauchyoooo/3DGameDesign/tree/main/hw6/Assets

效果展示图：

代码框架图：

1、预制件制作#

靶子

1个空对象作为父对象，包含5个圆柱体(Cylinder)。通过前后位置的摆放，可以在正面形成环状视觉效果。

空对象上只挂载刚体组件rigidbody，碰撞检测选择连续的Continus。

圆柱子对象则挂载MeshCollider，并勾选Convex和其下的Is Trigger让其有碰撞检测功能。

1个空对象作为父对象，包含1个长方体(Cube)箭头、1个圆柱体(Cylinder)箭身、3个长方体(Cube)箭尾。

空对象同样只挂载刚体组件rigidbody，注意勾选使用重力Use Gravity及使用动力学Is Kinematic。碰撞检测选择动态连续Continuous Dynamic。

子对象只在箭头挂载碰撞器与箭头脚本。**注意：**如果箭头长度太短，又配合高速运动的话，碰撞检测很有可能会出现异常，比如一次性检测到多个或者少检测到几个。

这样，主要的预制件就做好了。这里还做了一个背景板的预制件，附带了碰撞器效果，使射出靶范围的箭能停在“墙”上。

2、部分代码解析#

arrowScript

箭头脚本：检测箭与靶子的碰撞。

这里利用靶子的圆柱组件Tag来识别打到哪个环，从而计分。为避免多次碰撞，加入cnt计数限制只计分一次碰撞。碰撞完成后，将箭的空对象的刚体属性更改为is Kinematic，且速度归零；箭的tag改为”Hit“，用于触发抖动运动。

1
using System.Collections;
2
using System.Collections.Generic;
3
using UnityEngine;
4

5
public class arrowScript : MonoBehaviour
6
{
7
    public int cnt = 0;
8
    private string ColliderTag;
9
    private ScoreController scoreController;
10

11
    void OnTriggerEnter(Collider tar) {
12
        cnt++;
13
        if(cnt>1) return;
14
        ColliderTag = tar.gameObject.tag;
15
        Rigidbody parent = this.gameObject.transform.parent.gameObject.GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
16
        parent.isKinematic = true;
17
        parent.velocity = Vector3.zero;
18
        parent.gameObject.tag = "Hit";
19
        scoreController.Record(ColliderTag);
20
    }
21

22
    public void reset(){
23
        cnt = 0;
24
    }
25

26
    void Awake(){
27
        scoreController = (ScoreController)FindObjectOfType(typeof(ScoreController));
28
    }
29
}

CCFlyAction

箭飞行运动：传入wind和force参数，来控制箭上施加的物理学的力。rot参数根据wind参数，增加自旋效果。为确保Tremble抖动运动值运行一次，这里加入了isTrem判断。只有运行完飞行运动且Tag为”Hit”的物体才会发生抖动。

1
using System.Collections;
2
using System.Collections.Generic;
3
using UnityEngine;
4

5
public class CCFlyAction : SSAction
6
{
7
    public Vector3 force;
8
    public Vector3 wind;
9
    private Vector3 rot = new Vector3(0,0,0);
10
    private bool isTrem = false;
11

12
    public static CCFlyAction GetCCFlyAction(Vector3 _wind, Vector3 _force){
13
        CCFlyAction action = ScriptableObject.CreateInstance<CCFlyAction>();
14
        action.force = _force;
15
        action.wind = _wind;
16
        action.rot.z = _wind.x;
17
        return action;
18
    }
19

20
    public override void Start(){
21
        isTrem = false;
22
        gameObject.transform.LookAt(force);
23
    gameObject.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().isKinematic = false;
24
    gameObject.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().AddForce(force, ForceMode.Impulse);
25
    gameObject.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().velocity = Vector3.zero;
26
    gameObject.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().AddForce(force + wind, ForceMode.Impulse);
27
        gameObject.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().angularVelocity = rot;
28
    }
29

30
    public override void Update(){}
31

32
    public override void FixedUpdate()
33
    {
34
        this.gameObject.GetComponent<Rigidbody>().AddForce(wind, ForceMode.Force);
35
        if (this.gameObject.tag == "Hit" && isTrem == false){
36
            this.callback.SSActionEvent(this, this.gameObject);
37
            isTrem = true;
38
        }
39
        if (transform.position.y < -10 || transform.position.z > -6.7) {
40
            this.destroy = true;
41
        }
42
    }
43

44
}

CCTrembleAction

箭抖动运动：抖动时间为0.5秒，通过箭的轻微上下运动来模拟抖动效果。

1
using System.Collections;
2
using System.Collections.Generic;
3
using UnityEngine;
4

5
public class CCTrembleAction : SSAction
6
{
7
    float radian = 0;
8
  float per_radian = 3f;
9
  float radius = 0.01f;
10
  Vector3 old_pos;
11
  public float left_time = 0.5f;
12

13
  public override void Start(){
14
        old_pos = transform.position;
15
    }
16
  public static CCTrembleAction GetSSAction(){
17
    CCTrembleAction tremble = CreateInstance<CCTrembleAction>();
18
    return tremble;
19
  }
20
  public override void Update(){
21
    left_time -= Time.deltaTime;
22
    if (left_time <= 0){
23
      transform.position = old_pos;
24
      this.destroy = true;
25
      this.callback.SSActionEvent(this);
26
    }
27
    radian += per_radian;
28
    float dy = Mathf.Cos(radian) * radius;
29
    transform.position = old_pos + new Vector3(0, dy, 0);
30
  }
31
  public override void FixedUpdate(){}
32

33
}

ArrowFactory

箭工厂：用于生成与回收箭。这里是相当于最多生成10支箭，用完了则回收最先用的箭来用。生成箭或利用回收的箭时，记得恢复箭的初始属性。

1
using System.Collections;
2
using System.Collections.Generic;
3
using UnityEngine;
4

5
public class ArrowFactory : MonoBehaviour
6
{
7
    public GameObject arrow = null;
8
    List<GameObject> used;
9
    Queue<GameObject> free;
10

11

12
    void Start()
13
    {
14
        used = new List<GameObject>();
15
        free = new Queue<GameObject>();
16

17
    }
18

19
    public GameObject GetArrow(){
20
        if(free.Count == 0){
21
            arrow = Instantiate(Resources.Load<GameObject>("Prefabs/arrow"));
22
        }
23
        else{
24
            arrow = free.Dequeue();
25
            arrow.gameObject.SetActive(true);
26
            arrow.gameObject.tag = "Untagged";
27
            arrow.gameObject.transform.Find("head").gameObject.SetActive(true);
28
            arrow.gameObject.transform.Find("body").gameObject.SetActive(true);
29
            arrow.gameObject.transform.Find("head").GetComponent<arrowScript>().reset();
30
        }
31
        arrow.transform.position = new Vector3(0, 2.5f, -12.5F);
32
        used.Add(arrow);
33
        return arrow;
34
    }
35

36

37
    public void FreeArrow(){
38
        if(used.Count<=10)
39
            return;
40
        for(int i=0; i<used.Count; i++){
41
            if(used[i].gameObject.transform.position.y <= -10 || used[i].gameObject.transform.position.z >= -5 || used[i].gameObject.tag == "Hit"){
42
                used[i].GetComponent<Rigidbody>().isKinematic = true;
43
                used[i].gameObject.SetActive(false);
44
                used[i].transform.position =  new Vector3 (0, 2.5f, -12.5f);
45
                free.Enqueue(used[i]);
46
                used.Remove(used[i]);
47
                break;
48
            }
49
        }
50
    }
51
}

RoundController

场景控制器：加载资源（靶子、墙体等），生成风，移动箭等的功能实现。

1
using System.Collections;
2
using System.Collections.Generic;
3
using UnityEngine;
4

5
public class RoundController : MonoBehaviour, ISceneController, IUserAction
6
{
7
    ArrowFactory factory;
8
    public CCActionManager actionManager;
9
    public ScoreController scoreController;
10
    public myUserGUI userGUI;
11

12
    public GameObject target;
13
    public GameObject arrow;
14
    public bool isStart = false;
15
    public string windTag = "";
16

17
    private float wind_directX;
18
  private float wind_directY;
19

20
    void Start()
21
    {
22
        Director director = Director.getInstance();
23
        director.currentSceneController = this;
24
        gameObject.AddComponent<ArrowFactory>();
25
        factory = Singleton<ArrowFactory>.Instance;
26
        actionManager = gameObject.AddComponent<CCActionManager>() as CCActionManager;
27
        scoreController = gameObject.AddComponent<ScoreController>() as ScoreController;
28
        userGUI = gameObject.AddComponent<myUserGUI>() as myUserGUI;
29
        LoadResource();
30
    }
31

32
    public void LoadResource()
33
    {
34
        target = GameObject.Instantiate<GameObject>(Resources.Load<GameObject>("Prefabs/target"));
35
        GameObject.Instantiate<GameObject>(Resources.Load<GameObject>("Prefabs/wall"));
36

37
    }
38

39
    void Update()
40
    {
41
        if(isStart) {
42
            factory.FreeArrow();
43
        }
44
    }
45

46
    public void Init(){
47
        if(arrow == null){
48
            wind_directX = Random.Range(-4, 4);
49
      wind_directY = Random.Range(-4, 4);
50
            CreateWind();
51
            arrow = factory.GetArrow();
52
        }
53
    }
54

55
    public void moveBow(Vector3 mousePos){
56
        if(!isStart)
57
            return;
58
        arrow.transform.LookAt(mousePos * 30);
59
    }
60

61
    public void shootArrow(Vector3 force){
62
        if(isStart)
63
    {
64
      Vector3 wind = new Vector3(wind_directX, wind_directY, 0);
65
      actionManager.MoveArrow(arrow, wind, force * 10);
66
      arrow = null;
67
    }
68
    }
69
    public bool GetStart(){
70
        return isStart;
71
    }
72

73
    public string GetWind()
74
    {
75
        return windTag;
76
    }
77

78

79
    public void Begin()
80
    {
81
        isStart = true;
82
    }
83

84
    public int GetScore()
85
    {
86
        return scoreController.score;
87
    }
88

89
    public void CreateWind(){
90
        string Horizontal = "", Vertical = "", level = "";
91
        if (wind_directX > 0) {
92
            Horizontal = "西";
93
        } else if (wind_directX <= 0) {
94
            Horizontal = "东";
95
        }
96
        if (wind_directY > 0) {
97
            Vertical = "南";
98
        } else if (wind_directY <= 0) {
99
            Vertical = "北";
100
        }
101
        if ((wind_directX + wind_directY) / 2 > -1 && (wind_directX + wind_directY) / 2 < 1)
102
    {
103
      level = "1 级";
104
    }
105
    else if ((wind_directX + wind_directY) / 2 > -2 && (wind_directX + wind_directY) / 2 < 2)
106
    {
107
      level = "2 级";
108
    }
109
    else if ((wind_directX + wind_directY) / 2 > -3 && (wind_directX + wind_directY) / 2 < 3)
110
    {
111
      level = "3 级";
112
    }
113
    else if ((wind_directX + wind_directY) / 2 > -5 && (wind_directX + wind_directY) / 2 < 5)
114
    {
115
      level = "4 级";
116
    }
117
        windTag = Horizontal + Vertical + "风" + " " + level;
118

119
    }
120

121
    public bool isArrowNull(){
122
        return (arrow != null);
123
    }
124

125

126
}

ScoreController

计分器：利用靶子上带有碰撞器的物体的tag来计分。

1
using System.Collections;
2
using System.Collections.Generic;
3
using UnityEngine;
4

5
public class ScoreController : MonoBehaviour
6
{
7
    public int score;
8

9
    public void Start(){
10
        score = 0;
11
    }
12

13
    public void Record(string ColliderTag){
14
        if(ColliderTag == "10"){
15
            score+=10;
16
        }
17
        else if(ColliderTag == "8"){
18
            score+=8;
19
        }
20
        else if(ColliderTag == "6"){
21
            score+=6;
22
        }
23
        else if(ColliderTag == "4"){
24
            score+=4;
25
        }
26
        else if(ColliderTag == "2"){
27
            score+=2;
28
        }
29

30
    }
31

32
    public void Reset(){
33
        score = 0;
34
    }
35
}

3、小结#

要区分物理学与运动学，Rigidbody与isKinematic等的使用。
要区分各种碰撞检测模式，Discrete、Continus、Continus Dynamic等，有性能上的差异。
碰撞异常要思考：物体是否启用碰撞器、碰撞检测模式是否正确、物体运动是否过于高速、物体碰撞器体积是否过小等。
熟悉Rigidbody的一些属性与使用，方便实现物理运动效果。

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打靶游戏#

1、预制件制作#

2、部分代码解析#

3、小结#

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